The Golden Apple of Discord by Jacob Jordaens Among Roman writers the most important is the 1st century BC poet Virgil in Book 2 of his Aeneid, Aeneas narrates the sack of Troy. The three great tragedians of Athens- Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides-wrote a number of dramas that portray episodes from the Trojan War. In later ages playwrights, historians, and other intellectuals would create works inspired by the Trojan War. Visual art, such as vase painting, was another medium in which myths of the Trojan War circulated. Events and details of the story that are only found in later authors may have been passed on through oral tradition and could be as old as the Homeric poems. Even after the composition of the Iliad, Odyssey, and the Cyclic Epics, the myths of the Trojan War were passed on orally in many genres of poetry and through non-poetic storytelling. īoth the Homeric epics and the Epic Cycle take origin from oral tradition. It is generally thought that the poems were written down in the 7th and 6th century BC, after the composition of the Homeric poems, though it is widely believed that they were based on earlier traditions. The authorship of the Cyclic Epics is uncertain. Though these poems survive only in fragments, their content is known from a summary included in Proclus' Chrestomathy. Other parts of the Trojan War were told in the poems of the Epic Cycle, also known as the Cyclic Epics: the Cypria, Aethiopis, Little Iliad, Iliou Persis, Nostoi, and Telegony.
The Iliad covers a short period in the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey concerns Odysseus's return to his home island of Ithaca following the sack of Troy and contains several flashbacks to particular episodes in the war. Each poem narrates only a part of the war.
The most important literary sources are the two epic poems traditionally credited to Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey, composed sometime between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. Instead, the story is assembled from a variety of sources, some of which report contradictory versions of the events. There is no single, authoritative text which tells the entire events of the war. The events of the Trojan War are found in many works of Greek literature and depicted in numerous works of Greek art. 2.6.1 Penthesilea and the death of Achilles.2.2 Gathering of Achaean forces and the first expedition.Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War are derived from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th century BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194–1184 BC, which roughly correspond to archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VII, and the Late Bronze Age collapse. Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale, though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Greeks during the Bronze Age. Whether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War remains an open question. On the basis of excavations conducted by Schliemann and others, this claim is now accepted by most scholars.
In 1868, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann met Frank Calvert, who convinced Schliemann that Troy was at what is now Hisarlik in Turkey. The ancient Greeks believed that Troy was located near the Dardanelles and that the Trojan War was a historical event of the 13th or 12th century BC, but by the mid-19th century AD, both the war and the city were widely seen as non-historical. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid. Other parts of the war are described in a cycle of epic poems, which have survived through fragments. The core of the Iliad (Books II – XXIII) describes a period of four days and two nights in the tenth year of the decade-long siege of Troy the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the war's heroes. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's Iliad. In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans ( Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. See also: Trojan War in literature and the arts
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